Nurse Leader Essay - 885 Words

Nurse Leader Leadership does not always come with a title or prestige. Every nurse has within themselves qualities that make them a great leader. Leadership by definition, â€Å"is a combination of intrinsic personality traits, learned leadership skills, and characteristics of the situation (Cherry Jacob (2013 p. 335). A leader is one who has the capacity and skills to direct or encourage others in efforts to achieve an outcome. I recently completed a self-assessment on my perceived leadership abilities. The survey was called the Nurse Manager Skills Inventory (Nurse Manager Leadership Partnership, 2008). It consists of four content areas of which I will address and identify my strengths and weaknesses. I am almost 48 years old and have†¦show more content†¦Career planning I rated myself between competent and expert in the three areas of career planning. I understand my role in my current job and I have a full understanding of where I want to be in the future. My career path has me staying at my present employer. I love working for my state’s Quality Improvement Organization. I am surrounded by people who are striving to better health care for all residents in Wisconsin and I am thrilled to be part of this team! Personal Journey Disciplines I have the opportunity to participate in shared leadership as I lead several statewide initiatives in regards to stroke care. I have had the sometimes uncomfortable opportunity many times to reflect on choices I have made, this is also known as â€Å"action learning†. I believe it is a good practice to ponder decisions made to determine if possibly a different path or choice could have been made. This makes one a good leader to thoughtfully contemplate behaviors. Reflective Practice Reference Behaviors/Tenets Personal reflection is individualized and as such there are several methods that can be utilized. The tenant I need to personally work on is the appreciation of ambiguity. I do appreciate everyone’s uniqueness and value every person as a holistic individual. However, I am definitely not perfect atShow MoreRelatedRole Of Nurse Leader And Nurse Manager1547 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Nurse Leader and Nurse Manager in Nursing Shortage and Turn-over During the recent years, the American Healthcare system is struggling with the issue of the nursing shortage and turnover. There are many rationales and reasons for this issue and the writer will discuss some of them in this paper. Nursing shortage and turnover remarkably influenced on the provision of the services by the health care provider, the financial burden on the healthcare facility and also a stressful working environmentRead MoreThe Roles Of The Nurse Leaders960 Words   |  4 Pageswill explain how the nurse leaders play an important role in promoting Evidenced based practice. 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Resistance to change can vary, but nurse leaders need to be empowered to buffer the negative effects of resistance (Montani,Read MoreThe Career Of A Nurse Leader Essay1968 Words   |  8 PagesSlide 1: The expectations of nurses today are higher than ever with goals such as achieving top percentiles in nursing and patient satisfaction, to being among the top leaders in quality outcomes, and to build productive work relationships and environments. Nursing leaders serve as the primary link between staff, physicians, and the community. They are expected to be innovative, highly skilled, possess a certain degree of nursing knowledge, and produce qualified individuals to care for the growingRead MoreNovice to Expert Nurse Leader781 Words   |  4 PagesNOVICE TO EXPERT NURSE LEADER By Gwen Travis Gonzaga University NURS 553 The path to nursing leadership most often progresses from novice to expert nurse and then onto a novice nurse manager. The novice nurse manager is asked to lead and rarely given the tools or knowledge to be successful in this new role. The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition discussed by Patricia Benner includes the following five levels of competency in the clinical nurse (Benner, 1982): * Level I – NOVICE –Read MoreNursing Is A Leader, And The Ways Nurses Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesNursing has dynamic role in Patient care. Nurses educate, advocate, care and comfort patient. Moreover, nurses do 24 hour bedside care; they assess, plan, implement and evaluate the care and comfort of the patient. Furthermore, they communicate and collaborate patient care with other care team members. Nurses are eyes and ears of patient. Institute of medicine (IOM) understand the relation of nursing care and patient outcome. IOM perceives nurses going above and beyond to improve increasingly complexRead MoreThe Social Nurse Leader Paper1175 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Nurse Leader Paper Today more so than ever, nurses must not only advocate for themselves and their patients at the organizations and facilities that they work at, but they must now advocate on a much larger political stand. It is imperative that nurses stay up-to-date on what is happening locally, statewide, and nationwide as this has a direct impact on nurses, their organizations they serve, and the patients they passionately care for each day. Due to the sheer number of nurses, it isRead MoreA Study On Clinical Nurse Leader944 Words   |  4 Pages Clinical Nurse Leader The cost of healthcare continues to rise all over the world. The United States’ is one of the highest spenders compared to other countries. The rising cost of healthcare does not mean people are getting higher quality care. People deserve high quality care at the lowest possible price. Medicare and Medicaid have very strict guidelines and pay hospitals a fraction for poor outcomes (Wilson et al., 2013). Nurse have always been on the forefront of patient care. They haveRead MoreThe Rising Of A New Nurse Leader1404 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rising of a New Nurse leader Introduction The making of a nurse leader takes education, training, and experience. Whatever the personality trait of a professional nurse, this self-discovery will only be a means to aim in becoming a nurse leader. A professional nurse in leadership is one that is transformational, involved in a professional organization, a change agent, and has a high Emotional Intelligence to be able to manage a team. She is aware and knowledgeable of the inevitable changes occurringRead MoreLeadership Characteristics Of A Nurse Leader1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe kind of nursing leader I will be a nurse who can collaborate with a team of staff who will care for patients. According to Rose Sherman, EdD, RN, NEA-BC, CNL and Elizabeth Pross, PhD, RN, author of Growing Future Nurse Leaders to Build and Sustain Healthy Work Environment at the Unit Level, gives descriptions of nurse leaders. To be an effective leader, there are characters leading to a type of nurse leadership. Whether I m dealing with a strugg le between co-workers or an intimidating personality

What Are The Characteristics Of The Individuals In This

What are the characteristics of the individuals in this case study? Carla, her husband, and their children were all born in a small coastal mining town. Carla’s parents died when she was young and she was left to her older aunt who was illiterate, this lead to a weakening in Carla’s educational ability. Carla is shown to be determined and this is evident through the sole-parenting of her two children from an early age. Carla’s husband sustains a head injury at work but failed to report it or seek treatment, demonstrating his lack of confidence in his work environment, perhaps due to a fear of being dismissed. Carla’s children grew up and moved to the city to seek employment, despite their struggle of education. Carla’s daughter lives with†¦show more content†¦The case study is set in a small coastal mining town. From this arise factors of limited employment opportunities, lower income, and populations in rural areas are often far from hospitals and other essential facilities. Carla s husband became forgetful after he sustained the head injury and later developed depression. Carla provides care for her ex-husband in times of crisis, which shows the support of one person to another. When Carla’s children were younger, she and her neighbours would share childcare duties and work opposite shifts. Without the mine, other businesses in town turned over and many of her lifelong friends left town. This would have left Carla without the option and availability to work the shifts she once did, because she did not have the access to the babysitting. When Carla’s children grew up, they moved to the city. This left Carla isolated in a town where many of her lifelong friends had left and her children had now also moved in search of employment. People are always a phone call away, however person-to-person contact is essential in maintaining healthy social relationships. Working conditions are affected by factors including health and safety, security and working hours. Carla’s husband began working for a casual employer after the mine was made redundant. He sustained a head injury at work but feared losing his job because of incompetence, so heShow MoreRelatedEthical Systems : Ethics And Ethics Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesJustice course has outlined various ethical systems. This was done using the course textbook: Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice HUM 3350 Custom Edition by Lethbridge College, and peer presentations on each of the ethical systems outlined in the text. Ethical systems provide a found ation, in a variety of areas, for individuals in determining, morals, and actions within their lives (Pollock, 2015). 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Concentrating on different responses from the individual, physicalRead MoreEquality and Diversity - the Way That People Describe Themselves and Others1687 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the individual factors that make a person who they are, by giving examples of each of the following factors: a) Physical characteristics b) Emotions c) Likes and dislikes d) Values and beliefs Each of us has different individual characteristics and factors, and it is the combination of these that make up who we are. 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Strategic Information System Into Telstra †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Information System Into Telstra. Answer: Introduction Telstra is a leading telecommunication and technology company within Australia. The organization provides full range of communications and competing into telecommunications markets. The organization offers services and competes into the Australian telecommunication market. It provides services of mobile telecommunication content (Telstra.com.au 2017). The report discussed on strategic analysis of Telstra with its business challenges and priorities consisting of Porters five force model to review impact of the IT into business operation of Telstra Corporation Limited. Strategic Analysis Business challenges of Telstra Following are business challenges of the Telstra: There is raise of demand but the prices are falling. Telstra responds to the growing demand but there is an increase of range of services. Each of the services are operated with discrete niche, therefore none of the devices are interacting. Telstra is falling of revenue into its mobile businesses. The revenue of mobile is decreased by 8.7 percent in last six months (com.au 2017). There are security threats and challenges that the information is being hacked by the hackers. Telstra is not designing and manufacturing of its own products. It has purchased its mobile network from elsewhere. Top five business priorities of Telstra Following are business priorities of Telstra: Telstra targets everyone towards their mobile network based on age, location and income to enjoy the benefit of telecommunication technologies. They work into strategic approaches to identify and minimize the environmental impact of their products and operations (ABC News 2016). The organization strives to deliver of customers and growth into revenue. Continue into invest into long term growth Acceleration of productivity programs (Computerworld 2013). Porters five force model to review impact of IT into Telstra Intensity of existing rivalry: Telstra has few competitors, which is positive for the organization. The governmental policies as well as regulations are limiting the competition. Telstra has large industry size to gain a large market share. Due to fast growth of industry, it increases revenue that makes a positive affect into Telstra (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). Bargaining power of suppliers: There is lower cost of switching suppliers due to less bargaining power. Low concentration of the suppliers means that the suppliers have low bargaining power. The critical creation inputs are comparable, and then it is easier to equal the efforts (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). Threat of substitutes: There is low performance product means that the customers are fewer switches to other products. The products are low quality. When the products as well as services are varied, then the customers are less to find similar products services to meet their requirements (Peppard and Ward 2016). Bargaining power of customers: The customers are paying further for single product which definitely affects the organization. There are huge numbers of consumers, and then no consumers are tending to negotiating leverage (Hill and Jones 2013). As the customers have limited choices, then it ends up paying more for available product. Threat of new competitors: Telstra should improve their brand value to compete into the market. Higher sunk cost makes it critical for the competitors to enter into new market. Strategizing Use of IT to support business of Telstra Telstra uses of information and communication technology (ICT) solutions to deliver of positive telecommunication services to the customers. ICT solutions also help the organization to achieve sustainability into the business (ABC News 2016). With support from IT, the organization developed innovative products which help into global technology to connect with other people. It will help to gain profitability as well as market share. IT strategic steps taken by CIO during three years The cloud division of Telstra joined with Cisco to launch of own cloud services to become first global partner into the business process (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). The organization invests into technology for improving cost efficiency as well as driving of growth. Design and implementation of innovation process of telecommunication network as well as products IT strategic mistakes of CIO during past three years In the year 2016, due to sudden system shutdown, the customers of Australia are not able to make and receive calls for two hours after two many nodes are fault. Telstra failed to market as well as communicate the IT values to the customers and their telecommunication network users (Slack 2015). The technology project are time consuming and expensive. Therefore, Telstra has made larger investment into IT infrastructure and deployed into complex application. Significant IT opportunities overlooked out by CIO throughout past three years During the past three years, CIO had missed out the opportunities of digital transformation which will test leaderships across Telstra. Driving of new digital workplaces is harnessing the power of cloud as well as mobile. The new technology is available for both customers and employees. Use of advanced IT technology should empower Telstra to drive innovation as well as growth in their market share. It also helps to raise the profitability (Rothaermel 2015). The market segments of Telstra are mobile telecommunication services, broadband access, internet services and IT management into telecommunication network. The opportunities are strategic IT growth plan. There is an increasing demand of telecommunication services and growth of IT market. The organization also missed out the opportunities to launch of 4G mobile broadband network. Top strategic IT risks and challenges faced by Telstra The risks and challenges faced by Telstra are rapid change in technology and increasing of competition of other IT organizations. Technology is changing and this changes lead to render of equipments, services as well as technical obsolete (Peteraf, Gamble and Thompson 2014). It will affect the competitiveness and needs the organization to raise capital expenditures to maintain of competitive positions (Slack 2015). In order to mitigate the risks and challenges related to technology, Telstra are required to analyze the changes previously before it affects the products as well as services leveraging of new technology. Identification of factors contribute to Red Ocean and Blue Ocean for IT into Telstra Factors to contribute of Red Ocean for IT into Telstra Telstra should develop trusted relationships with the customers so that they become more loyal as the organization provides high quality services. Create of revenue beyond advertising and marketing services with new offerings for customers (com.au 2017). Implement of content delivery model by lowering cost and emphasizing innovative value by creation of value curve Innovation of new products and pricing models to quicken the digital world Development of new applications in order to exploit of online content Factors to create blue ocean strategy in Telstra Use of leadership skills to improve the entire organizational performance of Telstra, it boosts the team engagement and motivation of the workers in their job Decreasing of employee turnover, raising of customer loyalty and absenteeism leads to improve the profitability of the organization (Computerworld 2013). Implementation of new innovative strategies for driving of profitability and market growth (Slack 2015). Delivering of products and network services at lower cost Executing of higher level leadership activities at lower cost Conclusion It is concluded that Telstra is a telecommunication company that is offering of telecom services to the customers. This particular report analyzes the main area of operations of Telstra. Strategic analysis of the organization is discussed to find out the IT strategies used into the organization to increase their profitability as well as customer satisfaction. References ABC News 2016.Telstra faces a $3b black hole in lost earnings once NBN rollout is finished. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-20/telstra27s-243-billion-nbn-blackhole-puts-dividends-under-pre/7432910 [Accessed 2 Sep. 2017]. Computerworld 2013.Telstra to face challenges in broadening its business: analyst. [online] Computerworld. Available at: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/523301/telstra_face_challenges_broadening_its_business_analyst/ [Accessed 2 Sep. 2017]. Ethiraj, S.K., Gambardella, A. and Helfat, C.E., 2017. Reviews of strategic management research.Strategic Management Journal,38(1), pp.3-3. Hill, C.W. and Jones, G.R., 2013.Strategic management theory. South-Western/Cengage Learning. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Peteraf, M., Gamble, J. and Thompson Jr, A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Telstra.com.au 2017.Telstra - Our company. [online] Telstra.com.au. Available at: https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/our-company [Accessed 2 Sep. 2017]. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Internet and Its Impact on Developing Countries; Examples from India and China Essay Example

Internet and Its Impact on Developing Countries; Examples from India and China Essay The Internet and its impact on developing countries: examples from China and India T. Kanti Srikantaiah Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois, USA and The Internet and its impact on China and India 199 Received February 1998 Revised March 1998 Dong Xiaoying Peking University, Beijing, China Introduction In the new information climate many countries are relying on electronic access to information through the Internet, which is revolutionising information management and information technology. Developed countries have improved their communication systems and are able to share information in a user-friendly environment. They have used the Internet in various sectors: †¢ agriculture; †¢ health; †¢ public sector management; †¢ industry; †¢ environment; †¢ telecommunications; †¢ trade; †¢ etc. The Internet is now penetrating developing countries. This paper discusses the role of the Internet in such countries, with specific reference to China and India. The Internet The idea of the Internet originated about 25 years ago at the US Defense Department Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), to keep track of data through computer hardware and software. The Internet is now a complex web of networks connected with high-speed links cutting across countries. There are no set boundaries for the Internet in cyberspace. Recent statistics show 50,000 networks in more than 100 countries with more than 50 million users (MIDS press release). It is estimated that the rate of growth in Internet use is around 20 per cent a month. Currently the Internet is not proprietary and is available to anyone with computer access connected to the external world. Since the USA launched the information superhighway in 1994, the Internet has come to play an ever-increasing role in the vast information market in many countries (Table I). Asian Libraries, Vol. 7 No. 9, 1998, pp. 199-209.  © MCB University Press, 1017-6748 We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Its Impact on Developing Countries; Examples from India and China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Its Impact on Developing Countries; Examples from India and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Its Impact on Developing Countries; Examples from India and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Asian Libraries 7,9 Country G-7 countries Canada France Germany Italy Japan Great Britain USA Africa South Africa Cyprus Tunisia Jamaica Senegal Egypt Mozambique Burkina Faso Cameroon Ghana Kenya Morocco New Caledonia Niger Swaziland Host Initial connection Country Turkey Indonesia Philippines India China Kuwait Malaysia United Arab Republic Kazakhstan Macau Fiji Uzbekistan Vietnam Lebanon Lithuania Latin America Brazil Mexico Chile Ecuador Peru Argentina Bermuda Venezuela Puerto Rico Costa Rica Guam Virgin Islands Nicaragua Panama Dominican Republic Host 22,963 10,861 4,309 4,794 25,594 3,555 6 994 1,136 1 0 153 3 1,128 2,761 Initial connection 12/91 07/93 04/94 11/90 04/94 12/92 11/92 11/93 11/93 04/94 06/93 12/94 04/95 06/94 04/94 200 690,316 292,096 875,631 211,966 955,688 878,215 825,048 07/88 07/88 09/89 08/89 08/89 04/89 07/88 419 1,973 15 349 275 1,894 44 2 75 275 457 888 59 34 240 12/91 12/92 05/91 05/94 10/94 11/93 03/95 10/94 12/92 10/94 11/93 10/94 10/94 10/94 05/94 Asia and Middle East Taiwan 40,706 12/91 Table I. South Korea 132,370 04/90 Distribution of hosts Israel 61,140 08/89 connected to the Internet Singapore 60,674 05/91 (1997): G-7 countries, Thailand 12,794 07/92 Africa, Asia, Middle East and Latin America Source of host number: http://www. w. com/zone/www/dist-byname. html, 1997 68,685 126 19,168 1,078 6,510 18,985 1,648 4,679 114 4,259 91 7 743 390 25 06/90 02/89 04/90 07/92 11/93 10/90 05/90 02/94 10/89 01/93 10/93 03/93 02/94 06/94 04/95 Malaysia’s Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohammed, once said: It can be no accident that there is today no wealthy developed country that is i nformation poor, and no information rich country that is poor and underdeveloped (Nagy, 1991, p. 57). This statement emphasises the importance of the Internet for developing countries. From an international perspective access to and use of the Internet is unbalanced; there are obvious gaps between developed and developing countries in terms of the numbers of nets, hosts and users. As a study from the Panos Institute indicated: The Internet and its impact on Table I provides data on hosts and connection dates for selected countries in China and India Africa, Latin America, Asia and Pacific, along with G-7 countries for comparison. Of the hosts 56 per cent were in the USA, 26 per cent in Europe, 16 per cent in Canada and Latin America, 12 per cent in Asia and the Middle East, and the remaining 1 per cent were in African countries. The G-7 countries took about 80 per cent of total nets connected with the Internet, and the number of nets in 55 developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America amounted to only 5 per cent. According to another study, based on data from World Bank economic and social indicators, the correlation of Internet nodes with GNP per capita is 0. 88 per cent. Adjusted for population size, the country with the highest density of nodes for population was Switzerland. The USA ranked sixth, and India was one of the lowest. So the revolution in electronic publishing and accessing is not really global (Jacobson, 1994). The timing of connection to the Internet is significant. For instance, while most developed countries obtained their connections to the Internet between 1988 and 1990, developing countries began around 1994-95. Even now many developing countries do not have Internet facilities. An approximate date of Internet connectivity for selected countries is also given in Table I. The World Bank has published data on various economic and social indicators for 133 countries. Table II shows data on population, literacy and GNP for selected developing countries and the G-7 countries. Tables I and II show a definite correlation among GNP per capita, population, illiteracy and number of networks connected with the Internet. The data show that the higher the GNP per capita and the lower the illiteracy rate, the greater the number of links to the Internet, whereas indicators such as higher population, higher illiteracy and lower GNP per capita accompany fewer connections to the Internet. For most developing countries Internet connections brought the golden opportunity of â€Å"leapfrog† development through participating and competing in global trade, sharing information globally in education, research and manufacturing/productivity sectors, and alleviating poverty, contributing to improved social and economic indicators. Information environment in China and India China and India are the two most populous countries in the world. With more than 2 billion people in these two countries, the market for the Internet is vast. In addition, both China and India are information-rich countries with a long tradition of learning, publishing and media activities. Both countries have recently experienced phenomenal growth in economic terms. According to a World Bank report, the annual average growth of GNP during the period 1985-94 in China and in India was around 7 per cent and 3 per cent respectively (World Bank Atlas, 1996). Compared with other developing countries of the same scale, China and India have shown significant growth in the development here is a danger of a new information elitism which excludes the majority of the world’s population (John, 1995). 201 Asian Libraries 7,9 G-7 countries Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom USA Africa Cameroon Egypt Kenya South Africa Asia China Indonesia India Malaysia Thailand Latin America Argentina Brazil Mexico Peru GNP per capita in US$, 1994 Real growth rate, 1985-94 (%) Population, 1994 (’000) Growth rate, 1985-94 (%) Illiteracy rate, 1990 (%) 202 19,570 23,470 25,580 19,270 34,630 18. 410 25,860 680 710 260 3,010 530 880 310 3,520 2,210 8,060 3,370 4,010 1,890 0. 4 1. 7 1. 9 1. 3. 2 1. 4 1. 3 –6. 6 1. 6 0. 0 –1. 4 6. 9 6. 0 2. 9 2. 7 8. 2 1. 9 –0. 4 0. 6 –2. 5 29,121 57,726 81,141 57,154 124,782 58,088 260,529 12,871 57,556 26,017 41,591 1,190,918 189,907 913,600 19,498 58,718 34,180 159,143 91,858 23,331 1. 3 0. 5 0. 5 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 1. 0 2. 8 2. 0 2. 9 2. 4 1. 4 2. 0 2. 0 2. 5 1. 6 1. 4 1. 8 2. 2 2. 0 * * * 3 * * * 46 52 31 – 27 23 52 22 7 5 19 13 15 Table II. Basic indicators for selected developing countries and G-7 countries Notes: – = not available; *according to UNESCO, illiteracy is less than 5 per cent Source: The World Bank Atlas (1996) Washington DC: World Bank ycle and in the utilisation of information technologies and information management. The steep decrease in the price of personal computers, proliferating software in Asia and the multimedia influx have contributed to growing markets and Internet use in China and India. Sales of PCs in these regions have expanded more than 20 per cent each year (Sherry, 1995, p. 71). A rating scale by the Gartner Group predicts a long-term potential for information technology in the Asian and Pacific region (Gartner Group, 1996). The rating is based on population, education, GDP, economic growth, government support to IT, popularity of IT, IT industry (and its competitiveness), the industry type and international perspective. Table III shows details for China and India, as well as selected countries for comparison. The total rating score for China was 75 and for India 58. In China the population of 1. 2 billion lives on 9. 6 million square kilometres. With its long civilisation and tradition of learning, and with its economy Country Economic Government Popularity Industry Total Population Education GDP growth support to IT of IT Competitive type International score 9 9 4 3 4 8 7 4 9 8 7 5 9 9 7 6 5 6 3 2 2 5 4 1 5 2 18 10 12 17 16 12 12 12 14 14 8 5 8 5 6 6 8 4 9 8 7 6 0 2 10 9 7 3 6 8 3 4 7 10 0 1 9 9 7 3 5 7 1 3 7 10 6 7 5 4 5 7 7 4 7 7 6 5 8 7 4 2 4 2 7 5 6 4 4 3 53 50 75 58 58 58 62 52 50 55 62 60 The Internet and its impact on China and India 203 USA 8 Japan 8 China 10 India 10 Indonesia 8 South Korea 6 Malaysia 3 The Philippines 6 Singapore 1 Taiwan 4 Thailand 6 Vietnam 6 Source: Gartner Group (1996), China Infoworld, Vol. 1, 29 July Table III. Long-term potential of information technology in Asian and Pacific countries growing rapidly since 1980, China has become one of the most powerful information resources and an integral part of the world information community. In 1995 there were 101,381 books, 7,583 kinds of magazines (4,014 are scientific and technical journals) and 2,089 newspapers (205 national an d 844 provincial newspapers) published by nearly 600 publishers nationwide (Handbook of Press, 1996). There are 1,080 universities located in 29 provinces, and more than one million students graduate each year. There are 350,000 libraries of different types – public, university and school, research, military and labour union libraries. There are plans to have at least one library in each village and urban area in China by the year 2000. Government has always been the biggest information producer and consumer. A total of 34 information centres belonging to different central government departments, China Statistical Bureau, China Economic Information Centre and National Scientific and Technical Commission (NSTC) distribute and collect information from the central government at provincial, city and county levels. Chinese general information systems are divided into six categories: (1) information centres affiliated with the National Scientific and Technical Commission; (2) information centres belonging to central government ministries; (3) information centres of a provincial nature; (4) information centres of a specialised nature affiliated to regional governments; (5) information centres affiliated with state enterprises, universities and other research institutions; Asian Libraries 7,9 204 (6) information centres of non-governmental, regional, professional and similar bodies (Dong, 1995). Since 1994, the global upsurge of the information highway has influenced Chinese decision-makers. China’s information superhighway, consisting of â€Å"eight golden projects†, covers networks among universities, industry and state enterprises. The public need for the Internet and its potential are vast. India, which gained independence in 1947, covers a vast area of over 3. 2 million square kilometres and has a population of more than 900 million. In the area of information India is relatively rich, being the seventh largest publisher in he world. It also supports a flourishing book industry: some 11,000 publishers publish more than 18,000 monographs each year and there are more than 30,000 periodicals, of which 5,000 are in English. There are thousands of book-sellers, more than 196 universities and 8,100 colleges and research institutions. The student population in higher education alone exceeds 5 million. In Delhi alone, there are 360 booksellers, six universities, 8 0 colleges, approximately 40 research institutions and over 100 government agencies. Government offices and quasi-government offices at central, state, district, subdistrict and village levels produce and consume vast amounts of information. At the national level the main sources of information include: †¢ various line ministries; †¢ the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO); †¢ the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO); †¢ the Registrar-General of India (RGI); †¢ the National Information Centre (NIC); †¢ the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE); †¢ INSDOC; †¢ DELNET; †¢ Tata Energy Research Institution; †¢ the Centre for Science and Environment; and †¢ the Federation of India Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI). There are hundreds of governmental bodies at state and local levels. The information output from these offices in the various sectors is considerable. In addition, information is created, acquired and disseminated in all manufacturing and service sectors. These sectors indicate the scope for the Internet in India. Over the years the demand for information has increased in India and China. In India the market for information in English is enormous, as English speakers form a significant proportion of the literate population. They are generally wellestablished in economic and social terms and need information in paper and electronic forms. This is also reflected in the fact that the majority of newspapers and periodicals are published in English. India, one of the largest publishers in the world, exports many books and periodicals to countries in Asia and Africa and also to Western countries. It imports much printed The Internet and material from abroad. its impact on China has made substantial progress in information management. China and India According to a 1996 report, there were 1,038 databases covering both Chinese and English sources, representing an increase of almost 30 per cent since the previous survey in 1992 (Guide to Chinese Databases, 1996): 205 †¢ there were 41 per cent of databases concentrated in science, industry and technology; †¢ economy and business databases accounted for 28. 6 per cent, a considerable increase over the 1992 figure; †¢ social science took 15 per cent; †¢ general, 5. 6 per cent; †¢ law and medicine gained 3. 5 per cent; †¢ news and mass media took about 2. 9 per cent; †¢ databases with abstracts represented 66. per cent, and †¢ full-text and number databases took less than 30 per cent. With the inclusion of Hong Kong, China has become a superpower in information acquisition and dissemination, not only in Asia but also on a global basis. It is anticipated that demand for information in China will continue to grow in significant term s in the next decade. In both India and China access to the Internet will be extremely valuable. Internet connections In China the first TCP/IP link to the Internet was established in 1994, in the Institute of Higher Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science. The following are also connected with the Internet: †¢ Chinese Public Internet (Chinanet), established and run by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the backbone of Internet connection in Beijing. It is available through local post offices for a subscription. †¢ China Education and Research Network (CERNET), owned by the State Education Commission. In 1996 CERNET connected 100 universities nation-wide. Eventually, it will connect to all universities and will become the basis for the booming educational and research development. National Computing and Networking Facilities of China (NCFC), started in 1989 and was the first high-speed network funded by the State Planning Commission and the World Bank. In 1994 its international route was opened. †¢ Gi Tong Company Network (GBNET), established in 1994, and supported by the Ministry of Electricity, has more than 1,000 users. Over three years China has shown an increase in numbers of computers and Internet users. According to statistics provided by the Information Centre of Asian Libraries 7,9 206 China Internet, the number of Internet users increased dramatically between 1994 and November 1997. The number of hosts connecting with the Internet increased approximately 35 times, from 569 to 19,739. The number of users increased steadily from 1,600 in 1994 to 620,000 in 1997, coming mainly from education, science, business and government (Information Centre of China Internet, 1997). ChinaNet plans to cover 30 provinces, and nation-wide users will exceed one million (Ge, 1996, p. 161). Internet users are generally scientists, social scientists, academics, university students, researchers and technical experts with higher-educational backgrounds and proficient in English. Access is gained, primarily, through universities, scientific and technical institutions and corporations. In India Internet access was initiated in November 1986 through the Education and Research Network (ERNET), with assistance from the Government of India and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Eight institutions were involved: the five Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), the Indian Institute of Science (IISC) in Bangalore, the National Centre for Software Technology (CST) in Bombay and the Department of Electronics (DOE) in Delhi. The objectives included: (1) setting up a nationwide computer network for the academic and research community to promote research and development in India and abroad; (2) strengthening national capabilities in information infrastructure; (3) building specialised human resources through education and training to increase awareness of information resources available through the Internet; and (4) opening an India-USA technology gateway to provide a wide information base with other servers (ERNET, 1995). Three other internal service providers became involved at a later date: (1) SOFTNET by STP; (2) National Information Centre (NICNET); and (3) Gateway Internet Access Services (GIAS) (Ramakrishnan, n. d. ). By September 1996, India had more than 100,000 Internet users, 70,000 through ERNET, 15,000 through SOFTNET; 2,000 through NICNET and 8,000 through GIAS. User numbers are expected to grow to one million in the next three years; by then computer penetration will be around 10 million PCs. The education and research community has maximum penetration with 65 per cent, followed by business users of 25 per cent and other users of 10 per cent in the government and private households. A dramatic growth is expected once private sectors enter the Internet market. The city of Bangalore is expected to dominate the internal market because of its â€Å"electronic city†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ image (Ramakrishnan, n. d. ). Current issues and conclusions The Internet and There are three major areas of concern about the Internet that are significant in its impact on developing countries: China and India (1) national information policy; (2) regulatory framework and information infrastructure; and 207 (3) education and training. National information policy Developing countries have a long tradition of oral culture; therefore, awareness of information sources in written form tends to be minimal. While national information policy in developing countries concentrates on trade, international relations, national security and technology, very little attention has been paid to accessing information electronically through the Internet and to deriving benefits. Developing countries, in order to achieve faster economic growth, should include in their official documents high-priority plans for implementing electronic information delivery systems. Policy statements should be integrated into national planning documents such as five-year plans and should be implemented on schedule. Sufficient funding should be allocated at the planning stage and should be made available quickly for implementation. Regulatory framework and information infrastructure The regulatory framework in developed countries enforces protection of investment, intellectual property and individual privacy in the information market. The legal framework addresses private sector involvement, skilled human resources, standards and implementation. In most developing countries regulatory frameworks concerning information do not exist. Although the rapid growth in information technology is changing methods of doing business at home, at work and in organisations in both developed and developing countries, regulatory frameworks have had very little effect on developing countries. While information technology, including telecommunications, has penetrated every market in the developed world, developing countries still view information technology as a means to support management information systems, finance and accounting facilities, and data processing. Computer penetration per capita in both China and India in the area of small office/home office (SOHO) is still not significant in relation to population numbers. Telecommunications still remain a major issue in both China and India. If information infrastructure were to cover the widespread Chinese and Indian populations, and technology were to be made available to access global information through the Internet, then the economic scene would be revitalised. Awareness of the Internet and its importance for policy makers xists only at the executive level, but unfortunately, not at the political level. This needs to be addressed urgently in both countries. Asian Libraries 7,9 208 Education and training Workforces in developing countries, as in developed countries, are changing from labour intensive to knowledge-based work. In developed countries, surveys have shown Internet use is associated with higher education. The same principle applies in developing countries. Thus, attention need s to be paid to improving literacy rates. It is the responsibility of governments, central, state and local, of learning institutions and civic associations to work together to raise literacy levels in developing countries. The training of information professionals should be given priority. Trained information professionals will be able to utilise the Internet more efficiently and will be more effective in acquiring, organising and disseminating information. Often, developing countries are concerned about safeguarding their heritage of language and culture and supporting political systems. They are weary of foreign economic formats. Appropriate training for information professionals is an immediate requirement. Trained professionals can then educate the masses and take advantage of the Internet, sharing the dissemination of knowledge through cyberspace and adding value to the global information sector. The information revolution is real, and an information economy has already emerged, accelerating economic and social change. Information is crucial and is the central resource and basis for competition. The Internet will assist in development in the following ways: †¢ assessing the information capacity of the country and determining user needs, organising and synthesising information and providing access to internal and external information; †¢ disseminating information to meet the needs of the public and private sectors and the daily information needs of the general public. The two items are almost inseparable and have a symbiotic relationship. In developing countries it is urgent to train information professionals to support information infrastructure and information management. In the contemporary world, information is vital to all sectors. Thus, the role of governments in utilising the Internet is critical. First, it influences appropriate use of the Internet for social and economic change in the transition from labour-intensive production to knowledge-based information industries. Second, it defines public and private sector relationships and opens the market to a strong private information sector. Third, it redefines telecommunication policies to break down monopolies and to encourage competition among international and indigenous vendors. In conclusion, there is no single solution that can be applied, uniformly, to all situations in developing countries. Each case needs to be evaluated and customised to meet individual country needs. Priorities must be determined, depending on available resources. Indigenous resources should be harnessed and other resources tapped, including funding from international organisations. The Internet has considerable potential in developing countries: it is relevant to lobbying for more government support and budget allocation; it ffers delivery modes for the collection and dissemination of information; it may The Internet and be used to mobilise support among specialised ministries, universities and its impact on industries to produce and manage information, and to emphasise institutional China and India arrangements to influence policy makers and information purveyors to promote the Internet for the country’s development. References Dong, X. (1995), â€Å"The development and mana gement of secondary information systems and services in China†, International Information and Library Review, Vol. 27, pp. 83-94. ERNET to Academic and Research Community (1995), brochure. Gartner Group (1996), â€Å"Information industry in Asia and Pacific is catching up and will become a main player in the 21st century†, China Infoworld, Vol. 41. Ge, W. (1996), â€Å"Internet in China: the state of art and perspectives†, China Computerworld, Vol. 9, September. Guide to Chinese Databases (1996), State Planning Commission and the State Scientific and Technological Commission, Beijing. Handbook of Press and Publ ication Statistics in China (1996), Press and Publications Administration, Beijing. Information Centre of China Internet (1997), â€Å"The current situation of Internet in China†, China Computerworld, Vol. 10, November. Jacobson, T. L. (1994), â€Å"The electronic publishing revolution is not ‘global’ †, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 45 No. 10, pp. 745-52. John, M. (1995), â€Å"Third world faces ‘information poverty’ †, CD News Bank Comprehensive, Reuters America, 11 October. MIDS press release: â€Å"New data on the size of the Internet and the matrix†, . Nagy, H. 1991), â€Å"Information technology in World Bank lending: increasing the development and development impact†, World Bank Discussion Papers, Vol. 120,World Bank, Washington, DC. Ramakrishnan, S. (n. d. ), head, Information Infrastructure Division, Department of Electronics, Government of India, New Delhi, personal communication. Sherry, A. (1995), â€Å"The East is wired†, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 15. The World Bank Atlas (1996), World Bank, Washington, DC. About the authors Dr Dong Xiaoying is Associate Professor in the Department of Information Management at Peking University. She is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Asian Libraries. Address: Department of Information Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. E-mail: [emailprotected] bta. net. cn. Dr T. Kanti Srikantaiah is Associate Professor in the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at Dominican University, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, IL 60305. E-mail: [emailprotected] dom. edu 209